The History of Chess

It was created in India during the Gupta empire, approximately in the 6^th Century AD. That first “chess” was called Chaturanga and it was a four-player board game. In 711 AD when the islamic people conquered Spain they introduced chess in Europe.

Modern chess was created around 1200 AD in southern Europe and then it was modified by bishops, the most important were: Spanish churchman Luis Ramirez de Lucena Portuguese Pedro Damiano, Italians Giovanni Leonardo Di Bona, Giulio Cesare Polerio, Gioachino Greco, and Spanish bishop Ruy López de Segura.

The first chess tournament was held in 1851 in London. Then in 1939 FIDE was created ( World Chess Federation).

Best ten players in the world:

-Garry Kasparov

-Anatoly Karpov

-Bobby Fischer

- Mikhail Botvinnik

-Jose Raúl Capablanca

-Emmanuel Lasker

-Viktor Korchnoi

-Boris Spassky

-Vasily Smyslov

-Tigran Petrosian

Garry Kasparov:

Anatoly Karpov:

The history of writing

The first writing text dates from 6000 BC and is called Dispilio Tablet.

The Mesopotamian people in 4000 BC wrote in cuneiform writing. They wrote with a triangular-shaped tool. The mesopotamian language was the Akkadian, so they wrote in Akkadian, but in Mesopotamian a lot of cultures lived, like Hurrians and Hittites, but the official texts, were written in Akkadian.

In the 2000 BC in Greek islands, three types of writing were created the oldest one is Cretan Hieroglyphic, which was created in Crete and it was  used between 1625-1500 BC. The second oldest one is Linear A, which was created in Kea, Kythera, Melos, Thera and Laconia, and it was used between 1450 BC and 18 century. The “newest” one is called Linear B and it was created in Knossos,Pylos, Mycenae, Thebes, Tiryns, and it was used between 1375-1200 BC.

In Egypt, is the earliest hieroglyphic in the world, the hieroglyphic script was  included an effective alphabet. The oldest alphabet was found in Sinai desert and it was written on a tortoise shell, it has around of 30 inscriptions.

I chose the theme of “The history of the writing” because it´s interesting, to know how 5000 years ago people wrote and communicated.

-Which type of writing is more similar to ours( Our type of writing is the Arabic)?

                         Types of writing in Greece

Cretan hieroglyphic	In Crete	Between 1625 and 1500 BC
Linear A	In Kea, Kythera, Melos, Thera and Laconia.	Between 1450 BC and 18 century.
Linear B	In Knossos, Pylos, Mycenae, Thebes and Tiryns.	Between 1350 and 1200 BC

Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus

Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus 

Was a Roman general, during the Second Punic War. His father was Publius Cornelius Scipio and his mother was Pomona.

He was born in Rome in 236 BC  and died in Literno in 183 BC. He had a brother, called Lucius. When he was young, he and his brother were taught by their uncle, Cneo in the Mars field. When he was 16, he went with his father to a battle.

Some years later his father and uncle went to Hispania ( Now the Iberic peninsula) as proconsul, but in an ambush of the Hannibal people, Publius father and Cneo died. So he went to substitute them, and in 7 days he conquered Cartago Nova, now Cartagena. It was a milestone, because it was the capital in Hispania of the

 Carthaginian people, there was a lot of silver.

Then the senate of Rome decided that he had to attack Carthago. He attacked Carhago with a lot of problems, the Numidian king, Sifax, attacked the roman, then Asdrubal the brother of Hannibal had an army, and Hannibal too. There was a battle in Zama and Scipio won and conquered Cathago.

Some years later he had to attack Megas basileus Antioco the king of persian people. He won and conquered Persia. Then Caton, forced Scipio to be exiled to Literno, and he died there in 183BC.